ABSTRACT
Opiate dependence and withdrawal is a worldwide public health problem and give a significant burden to society. In exploring the problems of opiate dependence and withdrawal, oxidative stress in thought to be involved in the mechanism of the development of dependence and tolerance to morphine. Therefore, there is possibility that antioxidant has the role to reduce the oxidative stress leading to opiate dependence and withdrawal. In this mini review we describe the evidence of relationship between oxidative stress and opiate dependence. We also describe the evidence of honey which has been claimed to have high antioxidant properties and its promising potential to reduce oxidative stress in opiates dependence and tolerance individuals.
ABSTRACT
Integration of Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacovigilance in the curricula of future healthcare professionals is essential towards individualized medicine and drug safety. Researchers are lacking in Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding pharmacogenovigilance in drug safety among Malaysian future health professionals. This study is to develop and validate a reliable questionnaire for evaluation of knowledge, attitude and practice of future Doctors and Pharmacists concerning Pharmacogenovigilance in drug safety. A 49-item self-administered questionnaire was developed from the literature. The content was validated by a panel of relevant experts followed by face validity. A pilot study on 100 respondents was conducted for reliability, followed by a cross-sectional study involving 247 participants in factor analysis. The content validity index of the whole questionnaire was 0.8%. The overall Cronbach‟s Alpha was 0.8, with P<0.001. 67.4% of the total variance was explained by 13 factors, and we can conclude that the questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument.